Precedence effect pdf

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Robust source localization despite concurrent or nearly concurrent spurious spatial acoustic information is commonly attributed to an assortment of perceptual phenomena collective- ly termed "the precedence effect," characterizing the perceptual dominance of spatial information carried by the first-arriving signal. The precedence effect (PE) refers to the dominance of directional information carried by a directsound (lead) over the spatial information contained in its multiple reflections (lags) in sound localization. Although the processes underlying the PE have been largely investi-gated, the extent to which peripheral versus central auditory processes contribute to this perceptual phe-nomenon has precedence effect is measured by a parameter c that weights the contributions of the leading and lagging interaural de- lays: a=cr t +(1-c) r2, (1) where: a is the average lateral position of the composite im- age as measured by the adjusted interaural delay of the pointer. In that paper, c was shown to depend upon a number' of factors for wideband ncise bursts, including the interburst lag precedence-effect phenomena (e.g. Yin, 1994; Fitzpatrick et al., 1995; Litovsky and Yin., 1998). The physiological data of interest are responses from single neural units in the inferior colliculus recorded following stimulation by successive pairs of binaural clicks. It is typically found in such studies that neural units which are "tuned" to particular values of ITD show severely Reflected sound informs the listener about the acoustics of the surroundings, an ideafirstexpressedbyBenade(1976,pp.197-210).The precedence effect is seen as a dynamic process, subject to moment-to-moment changes,rather than as a mecha- nistic,hard-wired part of the nervoussystem. The Precedence Effect shows a build-up behaviour as follows. If triggered by a stimulus pair consisting of only one impulsive sound and one reflection, the echo- threshold is shorter than when the stimulus pair is re- peated a number of times. This build-up phenomenon has been subject of a number of studies recently [e.g., 1, 8-13, 25]. The auditory precedence effect comprises a set of manifestations that improve human listening in en- closed spaces. The perception of direct sound and early reflections as a single auditory event is called "fusion" . The fused auditory event is perceived from a direction close to the direction of incidence of the direct sound. As the delay is extended just beyond 1 ms, the precedence effect increases in strength and the perceived direction is dominat- ed by the leading sound. However, although only one image is perceived, listeners usually have little difficulty distin- guishing between trials in which the lagging sound is present or not present (Blauert, 1983). The acoustic modality is of paramount importance for human inter-individual communication. Consequently, the human auditory system is highly differentiated and able to perform sophisticated tasks such as the identification, recognition and segregation of concurrent sound sources in acoustically adverse conditions - e.g., in reverberant or noisy environments. To this end the different stages precedence effect: (1) they suggest that